Document Type : Research Article
Authors
1 Department of Physics, Payame Noor University, P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Modern Technologies, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
Abstract
High-energy heavy ions produced by accelerators are used in industrial and medical applications. Recently carbon ions have been used in the treatment of cancerous tumors. Heavy ions by the spallation process will activate the soft tissue components before tumors. In this research by GEANT4 toolkit and MCNPX code simulation were tried to calculate the secondary particles and radioactive elements produced in the soft tissue around tumors by the carbon ions spallation process. In the MCNPX code, the F8 tally card with the FT8 command was used to extract the activation and spallation information of secondary particles in the Z1=1 to Z2=25 atomic numbers range. It was shown that a wide range of radioactive elements was produced in healthy tissues in carbon therapy. addition to produced secondary particles, the Be-10 and C-14 radioactive elements were produced in high-energy carbon ions in soft tissue. Also, the GEANT4 toolkit result of produced secondary particles dosimetry was shown that the secondary particles dose per carbon ion is between 1.66 to 33.54 nGy for carbon ion energy between 1140 to 5160 MeV. The tail for 3480, 4080, and 5160 MeV of carbon ion energy are 0.12,1.01 and 11 cm respectively. The carbon ion beam divergence increases with beam energy and achieve to 33 mm for 5160 MeV carbon ion.
Highlights
- Secondary particle production of carbon ions in soft tissue by Geant4 toolkit and MCNPX code.
- Calculation of radioactive elements production by carbon ions in soft tissue.
- Calculation the range, beam divergence and beam Tail of carbon ion in soft tissue.
- Calculation of secondary particle Dosimetry production by carbon ion in soft tissue.
Keywords
Alanazi, N., Alanazi, R., Akhdar, H., et al. (2022). Monte Carlo model for evaluation of concentration of gold nanoparticle clusters as predictor of effective dose in proton therapy of microscopic tumors. AIP Advances, 12(10):105014.
Allodji, R. S., Tucker, M. A., Hawkins, M. M., et al. (2021). Role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the risk of leukemia after childhood cancer: an international pooled analysis. International Journal of Cancer, 148(9):2079–2089.
Anikin, M., Lebedev, I., Naymushin, A., et al. (2020). Feasibility study of using IRT-T research reactor for BNCT applications. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 166:109243.
Buglewicz, D. J., Banks, A. B., Hirakawa, H., et al. (2019). Monoenergetic 290 MeV/n carbon-ion beam biological lethal dose distribution surrounding the Bragg peak. Scientific Reports, 9(1):1–9.
Chen, Y.-J. and Paul, A. C. (2007). Compact proton accelerator for cancer therapy. In 2007 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC), pages 1787–1789. IEEE.
Chen, Z., Hu, Z.-G., Chen, J.-D., et al. (2014). A simulation study of a dual-plate in-room PET system for dose verification in carbon ion therapy. Chinese Physics C, 38(8):088202.
Cheng, H.-G. and Feng, Z.-Q. (2021). Light fragment and neutron emission in high energy proton induced spallation reactions. Chinese Physics C, 45(8):084107.
Chhura, L., Singh, D., Giri, P. K., et al. (2022). Production of dy-157 from n-14 induced reaction. In Proceedings of the DAE Symp. on Nucl. Phys, volume 66, page 545.
de Freitas Nascimento, L., Leblans, P., van der Heyden, B., et al. (2022). Characterisation and quenching correction for an Al2O3: C Optical Fibre Real Time System in Therapeutic Proton, Helium, and Carbon-Charged Beams. Sensors, 22(23):9178.
Didi, A., Dadouch, A., Bencheikh, M., et al. (2019). New study of various target neutron yields from spallation reactions using a high-energy proton beam. International Journal of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology, 13(2):120–137.
Dudouet, J., Cussol, D., Durand, D., et al. (2014). Bench-marking geant4 nuclear models for hadron therapy with 95 MeV/nucleon carbon ions. Physical Review C, 89(5):054616.
Gogineni, E., Bloom, B., Molina, F. D., et al. (2021). Radiotherapy dose escalation on pelvic lymph node control in patients with cervical cancer. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer, 31(4).
Hamad, M. K. (2021). Bragg-curve simulation of carbon ion beams for particle therapy applications: A study with the GEANT4 toolkit. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 53(8):2767–2773.
Hassanein, A., Hassan, M., Mohamed, N. M., et al. (2018). An optimized epithermal BNCT beam design for research reactors. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 106:455–464.
Ho, S. L., Choi, G., Yue, H., et al. (2020). In vivo neutron capture therapy of cancer using ultrasmall gadolinium oxide nanoparticles with cancer-targeting ability. RSC Advances, 10(2):865–874.
Iwata, Y., Shirai, T., Mizushima, K., et al. (2023). Design of a compact superconducting accelerator for advanced heavy-ion therapy. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1053:168312.
Jablonska, P., Cambeiro, M., Gimeno, M., et al. (2021). Intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy and perioperative high-dose-rate brachytherapy in previously irradiated oligorecurrent gynecological cancer: Clinical outcome analysis. Clinical and Translational Oncology, 23:1934–1941.
Jain, A., Seth, P., Tripathi, A., et al. (2020). TL/OSL response of carbon ion beam irradiated NaMgF3: Tb. Journal of Luminescence, 222:117159.
Jäkel, O. (2020). Physical advantages of particles: protons and light ions. The British journal of Radiology, 93(1107):20190428.
Jowett, J. (2016). Lhc surpasses design luminosity with heavy ions. CERN Courier, 56(1):23–24.
Kasesaz, Y., Khalafi, H., and Rahmani, F. (2014). Design of an epithermal neutron beam for BNCT in thermal column of Tehran research reactor. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 68:234–238.
Kayani, Z., Islami, N., Behzadpour, N., et al. (2021). Com- bating cancer by utilizing noble metallic nanostructures in combination with laser photothermal and X-ray radiotherapy. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 65:102689.
Khezripour, S., Negarestani, A., and Rezaie, M. (2017). Investigating the response of Micromegas detector to low-energy neutrons using Monte Carlo simulation. Journal of Instrumentation, 12(08):P08007.
Kim, C. H., Lee, H.-R., Chang, S., et al. (2015). Practical biological spread-out Bragg peak design for a carbon beam. Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 67:1440–1443.
Kramer-Marek, G. and Capala, J. (2012). The role of nuclear medicine in modern therapy of cancer. Tumor Biology, 33:629–640.
Lin, Y., Huang, G., Huang, Y., et al. (2010). Process-Induced Cell Injury in Laser Direct Writing of Human Colon Cancer Cells. Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods.
Liu, W.-S., Changlai, S.-P., Pan, L.-K., et al. (2011). Thermal neutron fluence in a treatment room with a varian linear accelerator at a medical university hospital. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 80(9):917–922.
Loap, P. and Kirova, Y. (2021). Fast Neutron Therapy for Breast Cancer Treatment: An Effective Technique Sinking into Oblivion. International Journal of Particle Therapy, 7(3):61–64.
Luo, Y., Huang, S.-C., Zhang, H., et al. (2023). Assessment of the induced radioactivity in the treatment room of the heavy-ion medical machine in wuwei using phits. Nuclear Science and Techniques, 34(2):29.
Masunaga, S.-i., Hirayama, R., Uzawa, A., et al. (2010). Influence of manipulating hypoxia in solid tumors on the radiation dose-rate effect in vivo, with reference to that in the quiescent cell population. Japanese Journal of Radiology, 28(2):132– 142.
Nandy, M. (2021). Secondary Radiation in Ion Therapy and Theranostics: A Review. Frontiers in Physics, 8:598257.
Noshad, H. and Givechi, N. (2005). Proton therapy analysis using the Monte Carlo method. Radiation Measurements, 39(5):521–524.
Oancea, C., Granja, C., Marek, L., et al. (2023). Out-of-field measurements and simulations of a proton pencil beam in a wide range of dose rates using a Timepix3 detector: Dose rate, flux and LET. Physica Medica, 106:102529.
Ounoughi, N., Dribi, Y., Boukhellout, A., et al. (2022). Physical aspects of Bragg curve of therapeutic oxygen-ion beam: Monte Carlo simulation. Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering, 28(3):160–168.
Pasler, M., Georg, D., Wirtz, H., et al. (2011). Effect of photon-beam energy on VMAT and IMRT treatment plan quality and dosimetric accuracy for advanced prostate cancer. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie, 12(187):792–798.
Pshenichnov, I., Mishustin, I., and Greiner, W. (2005). Neutrons from fragmentation of light nuclei in tissue-like media: a study with the GEANT4 toolkit. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 50(23):5493.
Sauerwein, W., Moss, R., Stecher-Rasmussen, F., et al. (2011). Quality management in BNCT at a nuclear research reactor. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 69(12):1786–1789.
Schippers, J., Duppich, J., Goitein, G., et al. (2006). The use of protons in cancer therapy at psi and related instrumentation. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, volume 41, page 61. IOP Publishing.
Song, H., Kim, Y., and Sung, W. (2023). Modeling of the FLASH effect for ion beam radiation therapy. Physica Medica, 108:102553.
Stankovsky, A., Saito, M., Artisyuk, V., et al. (2001). Accumulation and transmutation of spallation products in the target of accelerator-driven system. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 38(7):503–510.
Sudhakar, A. (2009). History of cancer, ancient and modern treatment methods. Journal of Cancer Science & Therapy, 1(2):1.
Suit, H., DeLaney, T., Goldberg, S., et al. (2010). Proton vs carbon ion beams in the definitive radiation treatment of cancer patients. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 95(1):3–22.
Takahashi, A., Yano, T., Matsumoto, H., et al. (1998). Effects of accelerated carbon-ions on growth inhibition of transplantable human esophageal cancer in nude mice. Cancer Letters, 122(1-2):181–186.
Wang, X., Xiao, J., and Jiang, G. (2021). Real time medical data monitoring and iodine-131 treatment of thyroid cancer nursing analysis based on embedded system. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 81:103660.
Washio, M., Hama, Y., Sakaue, K., et al. (2011). Fabrication of nano space controlled materials using high-energy heavy ion irradiation. Technical report.
Williams, T. J., MacDougall, G. J., Riemer, B. W., et al. (2023). SEEMS: A Single Event Effects and Muon Spectroscopy facility at the Spallation Neutron Source. Review of Scientific Instruments, 94(3).
Yoo, J. G. (1998). Neutron production from spallation reactions. In Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference, pages 65–65. Korean Nuclear Society.
Zakalek, P., Doege, P.-E., Baggemann, J., et al. (2020). Energy and target material dependence of the neutron yield induced by proton and deuteron bombardment. In EPJ Web of Conferences, volume 231, page 03006. EDP Sciences.
Zarifi, M., Guatelli, S., Qi, Y., et al. (2019). Characterization of prompt gamma ray emission for in vivo range verification in particle therapy: A simulation study. Physica Medica, 62:20–32.
)