Radiation Physics and Engineering
A peer-reviewed journal published by K. N. Toosi University of Technology

Solid-state synthesized HAP and β-TCP phosphors doped with lanthanides for thermoluminescent dosimetry

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Ramin Saberi Bayat 1
Hamideh Daneshvar 2
Hamid Jafari 1

1 Radiation Application Depatrment, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

2 Radiation Applications Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22034/rpe.2026.581710.1356
Abstract
Calcium phosphates are promising candidates for thermoluminescent dosimetry due to their capacity to host dopants that enhance the thermoluminescent (TL) response, their similarity to bone mineral composition, favorable synthesis conditions, and the flexibility of available synthesis methods. Optimizing the TL response of these materials is a central objective in thermoluminescence research. In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAP) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) were synthesized via a solid-state method and doped with cerium (Ce), lanthanum (La), gadolinium (Gd), and dysprosium (Dy) at molar concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%. The samples were irradiated over a dose range of 20-1500 Gy, relevant for industrial and agricultural applications, and evaluated in terms of sensitivity, linear dose-response range, and glow-curve characteristics. The results indicate that β-TCP generally exhibits superior TL response compared to HAP. Notably, HAP doped with 2% Ce and β-TCP doped with 1% and 3% Dy were identified as optimal compositions. Lanthanum and gadolinium doping had minimal impact on the TL properties of HAP. Overall, while HAP provides a favorable structural framework for dopant incorporation, the highest-performing samples were observed in the β-TCP series.

Highlights

  • HAP and β-TCP were synthesized by the solid-state method and doped with Ce, La, Gd, and Dy ions.
  • TL properties of the samples were investigated in the high-dose range of 20-1500 Gy under gamma irradiation.
  • β-TCP samples generally exhibited superior thermoluminescence response compared with HAP samples.
  • HAP doped with 2% Ce and β-TCP doped with 1% and 3% Dy showed the best dosimetric performance.
  • Lanthanum and gadolinium dopants showed minimal improvement in the thermoluminescence properties.

Keywords

Thermoluminescence
Calcium phosphates
Hydroxyapatite (HAP)
&beta
-Tricalcium phosphate (&beta
-TCP)
Lantanids
Solid-state synthesis
Radiation detection
Subjects

Copyright
RPE is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no potential conflict of interest regarding the publication of this work‎.

Funding
‎The authors declare that no funds‎, ‎grants‎, ‎or other financial support were received during the preparation of this manuscript‎.

Radiation Physics and Engineering

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 20 August 2026

  • Receive Date 15 May 2026
  • Revise Date 28 July 2026
  • Accept Date 19 August 2026

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